From the Democratic Republique of Congo (DRC), Prodige Kabunga, Senior Africa Campaigner at Amnesty International, is a human rights activist and campaigner. A significant part of Prodige’s work with Amnesty International involves leading efforts to protect the right to protest in Africa. This includes advocating for the freedom of assembly and expression and supporting peaceful demonstrations.
Before her role at Amnesty International, Prodige worked with Defence for Children International as the Regional Desk Oicer, promoting and protecting the rights of children across the continent. Her efforts focused on addressing issues such as child exploitation, children affected by armed conflict, children deprived of liberty and access to education and healthcare for the African child.
As a young woman from the DRC, the violent repression of protests, not only in my home country but throughout the continent, has deeply impacted me: It’s a constant reminder of the risks we, as human right defenders, face when we stand up for our rights and demand change. The fear of violence can be paralyzing, making it diicult to express our voices and fight for justice. Seeing fellow activists hurt or silenced across the continent, from Senegal to the DRC to Guinea and Kenya, is heartbreaking and fuels a sense of helplessness. For instance, recent protests in Mozambique, driven by allegations of electoral fraud, saw authorities mount a crackdown on civil liberties and violently suppress protests, leading to hundreds of deaths and serious injuries. Despite the fear and pain, these experiences strengthened my resolve to continue advocating for a peaceful and just society.
Starting my role as a Senior Campaigner for Africa at Amnesty International during a time of intense unrest in Senegal has been challenging, as when I started Senegal experienced significant protests against President Macky Sall’s potential third term and also related to a judicial case involving opposition leader Ousmane Sonko . The political tensions were heightened by clashes between opposition supporters and security forces, along with legal troubles for opposition leader Ousmane Sonko. Concerns about the human rights situation in the country were prominent.
Leading the “Protect the Protest” campaign in Africa, I have witnessed the devastating impact of violent repression on peaceful demonstrators. The unnecessary and excessive use of force by police oicers has not only caused physical harm but has also instilled fear and stifled the voices of those fighting for justice and change. Living in Nairobi during the 2023 protests was a deeply emotional and intense experience, as thousands took to the streets to protest against new taxes and the rising cost of living. The heavy presence of police and frequent incidents of unlawful use of
force created an atmosphere of anxiety and fear, yet amidst the chaos, there was also a sense of resilience and hope.
Amnesty International has been documenting incidents of unnecessary and excessive use of force, supporting victims, and calling on governments, such as those in Guinea and Senegal, to respect and uphold human rights. A poignant moment was at the Dakar Biennale 2024, during the original schedule of May 2024, some artists chose to boycott the event in solidarity with victims of unlawful force by the police, highlighting the collective strength against injustice. In my role, with support from colleagues, we have been working tirelessly to advocate for the protection of the right to protest. This involves documenting human rights violations in the context of protests, raising awareness about abuses, monitoring and pushing for accountability systemic change. Counting any small wins is imperative in this role: combined eort with colleagues, Amnesty contributed to the release of hundreds of individuals arbitrarily arrested during protests in Senegal between 2022 and 2024. This intervention not only secured their freedom but also reinforced the importance of human rights and the rule of law. Additionally, Amnesty Senegal represents civil society in the reparations commission established by the new authorities in Senegal, ensuring that the voices of the aected communities are heard, and justice is served. These activities have a profound impact, fostering a culture of accountability and encouraging continued advocacy for human rights.
The Biennale of Dakar was finally held in December 2024 and Amnesty international organised a side event to the Biennale which featured various artists reflecting the struggles and resilience of their communities, reminding us of the strength and perseverance of those who stand up for justice. Here, I witnessed the work of Zododo Ekue from Togo, who used vibrant colors and abstract forms to convey the emotional turmoil and vibrational energy of protests. His works served as a vivid reminder of the emotional and psychological impact of state violence on individuals as well as the strength and resilience of those who dare to stand up and demand justice, even in the face of repression. It struck a deep chord with me, especially given the current global climate where our right to peaceful assembly is under constant threat.
The landscape of protests in Africa is changing, with youth-led movements growing, driven by frustrations over corruption and poor governance. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts from state authorities, civil society, regional organizations, and the international community to ensure the right to protest is respected and protected.
The Rise of Youth Activism
Africa is home to the world’s youngest population, with 70% of sub-Saharan Africa’s people under the age of 30, like me. This demographic is becoming more actively engaged in public affairs and aware of their rights, leveraging platforms like TikTok, Instagram, and X (formerly Twitter) to mobilize and demand change. In 2024, we witnessed significant youth-led protests in countries like Kenya, Nigeria, and Mozambique. These movements were characterized by their organization, resilience, and the ability to unite diverse groups for a common cause.
In 2025, we can expect this activism to continue growing. The economic crisis in Nigeria, for example, has already sparked widespread protests against high living costs and government corruption. The #EndBadGovernance movement, which gained momentum in 2024, is likely to see renewed energy as the public continues to demand accountability and meaningful reforms.
Government Responses and Repression
While youth movements are gaining strength, government responses have often been harsh and repressive. In many countries, security forces have used unnecessary and excessive force to disperse protesters, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. In Guinea, for instance, protesters have been met with deadly force since 2019. Amnesty International’s (the Wounded Youth) report highlights that most victims, during this time, were young men and children, with many being under 18 years old. The use of unnecessary and excessive force, arbitrary arrests, and lack of medical care for injured protesters have been persistent issues in the country. The authorities have often covered up these violations, leading to a culture of impunity.
In June 2024, Kenya witnessed once more an unprecedented mass mobilization against a contentious Finance Bill which evolved into a broader movement demanding reductions in wasteful expenditure, tackling corruption, and accountability for human rights violations. Amnesty International verified that at least 50 people were killed, including protesters and bystanders, and at least 413 people reported severe injuries countrywide. Medical personnel responding to the injured were exposed to teargas, and some were arrested by law enforcement officials. Lawyers were
denied access to their clients, arrested and intimidated by officers of the state to drop cases. Some journalists covering the protests had their cameras confiscated and were arrested and beaten.
Governments across the continent may continue to employ such tactics to suppress dissent. However, the increasing visibility of these movements on social media and the global stage means that repressive actions are more likely to draw international condemnation and pressure for accountability.
The Role of Technology
Technology will play a crucial role in shaping the future of protests in Africa. Social media platforms have already proven to be powerful tools for organizing and amplifying voices. In 2025, we can expect to see even more innovative uses of technology to coordinate protests, share information, and document human rights abuses in real-time. There is however a risk of suspension of internet connections and certain social media outlets.
Additionally, the rise of digital activism will likely lead to increased cyber surveillance and attempts by governments to control online spaces. This could result in a digital arms race, with activists finding new ways to circumvent censorship and protect their communications.
International Support and Solidarity
The international community’s role in supporting the right to protest in Africa will be critical. Amnesty International will continue to document abuses, advocate and campaign for the protection of protesters’ rights, and pursue accountability for violations of the rights of protesters. Increased international solidarity, which can involve high-level meetings where leaders and representatives collaborate to address the pressing issue of the right to protest in Africa.
Coordinated efforts for positive global change, including support from diaspora communities, can help amplify the voices of African activists and apply pressure on governments to uphold human rights standards.
Conclusion
The right to protest in Africa in the coming years will be shaped by a dynamic interplay of youth activism, government responses, technological advancements, and international support. While challenges remain, the resilience and determination of the younger generation offer hope for a future where citizens can express their views and hold their governments accountable without fear of violence or repression.
Call to Action
Join Amnesty International in advocating for the right to protest. You can get involved by signing this petition to demand justice for victims of police brutality and excessive force in Guinea. Together, we can make a difference. Get involved today.